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Emotional and personality dysfunctions are common and clinically important in early psychosis and even in clinicalhighrisk states, often shaping longterm social functioning more than positive symptoms do. Core Emotional Dysfunctions In firstepisode psychosis (FEP), negativevalence disturbances such as anhedonia (especially anticipatory), avolition, and blunted affect are prominent and can appear already in the prodrome.

Anhedonia in FEP spans social, physical, anticipatory, and consummatory domains, with anticipatory deficits particularly linked to reduced role functioning and poorer quality of life. Deficits in emotion processing are thought to underlie classic negative symptoms like flat affect and anhedonia, affecting both subjective experience and outward emotional expression.

Longitudinal work shows that baseline negative symptom severity in early psychosis strongly predicts 2–5year functional outcomes, often more robustly than positive symptoms or cognitive deficits. Alexithymia and Affect Regulation Alexithymia, difficulty identifying and describing feelings, with externally oriented thinking, is consistently elevated in schizophrenia and psychosisvulnerability samples.

Metaanalytic data indicate largeeffect associations between schizophrenia and difficulties in identifying feelings, and moderate effects for difficulties describing feelings and externally oriented thinking. In community samples, subclinical negative symptoms correlate moderately with alexithymic difficulties in identifying and describing feelings, suggesting a dimensional link between early negative symptoms and impaired emotional awareness.

Independently of psychosis, alexithymia predicts poorer emotion recognition, empathy, and emotion regulation, highlighting its role as a contributor to broader social cognitive dysfunction. Social Cognition and Interpersonal Emotion Early psychosis and atrisk states are frequently accompanied by deficits in social cognition, including recognizing others’ emotions, empathic responding, and theory of mind.

Alexithymia appears to mediate some of these impairments: higher alexithymia scores predict worse emotion recognition and empathy even after controlling for anxiety and depression. Such socialemotional deficits interact with negative symptoms (e.g., social anhedonia, avolition) to erode social networks, heighten loneliness, and reduce access to support, which in turn impacts prognosis and functional recovery.

Clinically, this combination often presents as emotional disconnection: the person reports feeling numb or confused about emotions and appears interpersonally distant or flattened. Personality Traits and Personality Disorders Around Onset Adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis show elevated rates of clinically significant personality traits and disorders compared to other clinical groups.

In CHR samples, schizoid, schizotypal, borderline, and avoidant traits are especially prevalent and associated with poorer adaptive functioning and greater distress. One study found that roughly threequarters of highrisk individuals met criteria for a personality disorder, with depressive, borderline, and masochistic traits particularly frequent.

Although findings on which personality disorders predict transition are mixed, schizoid and borderline diagnoses may carry some additional risk or at least mark more severe clinical complexity. Interaction of Emotional and Personality Dysfunction Personality pathology in CHR and early psychosis often cooccurs with mood and anxiety disorders, major depression and social anxiety are especially common, and with basic symptoms of subtle self and perception disturbance.

Borderline traits (affective instability, abandonment fears, selfharm) can overlap phenomenologically with early psychotic experiences (e.g., transient paranoia, dissociation), complicating differential diagnosis. Schizotypal and schizoid traits (social withdrawal, odd beliefs, restricted affect) overlap with negative symptoms and social anhedonia, blurring the boundary between premorbid personality and emergent psychosis.

Clinically, personality diagnoses may help explain severe distress, disability, and treatment challenges in CHR patients, even when they do not clearly increase conversion risk on their own. Clinical Implications Assessment in early psychosis benefits from structured evaluation of negative symptoms, anhedonia subtypes (anticipatory vs consummatory), and alexithymia alongside standard positivesymptom scales.

Structured personality assessment is important in CHR services, given the high prevalence of schizoid, schizotypal, borderline, and avoidant traits and their contribution to distress and care complexity. Psychosocial interventions that target emotion identification and labelling, social cognition, and rewardbased behavioral activation are promising adjuncts to pharmacotherapy in addressing these early emotional and personality dysfunctions.

References Boldrini, T., Tanzilli, A., Di Cicilia, G., Gualco, I., Lingiardi, V., et al. (2020, December 8). Personality Traits and Disorders in Adolescents at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Toward a Clinically Meaningful Diagnosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry.

Di Tella, M., Adenzato, M., Catmur,C., Miti, F., Castelli, L. & Ardito, R.B. (2020, August 1). 273: 482-492. The role of alexithymia in social cognition: Evidence from a non-clinical population. Journal of Affective Disorders. Di Tella, M., Benfante, A., Castelli, L., Adenzato, M. & Ardito, R.B. (2024, August). 21(4):236-265.

On the Relationship Between Alexithymia and Social Cognition: A Systematic Review. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. Martin, J.C., Clark, S.R., Hartmann, S. & Schubert, K.O. (2024, July 24). A Tale of Three Spectra: Basic Symptoms in Clinical-High-Risk of Psychosis Vary Across Autism Spectrum Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder.

Schizophrenia Bulletin. Merchant, J. (2021 October 1). Social and Non-Social Pleasure in Schizophrenia: Associations with Negative Symptoms and Depression. Washington University . Oorschot, M., Lataster, T., Thewissen, V., Lardinois, M., Wichers,M., et al. (2011, October 20). 39(1):217-225.

Emotional Experience in Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia—No Evidence for a Generalized Hedonic Deficit. Schizophrenia Bulletin. Ozdemir, E., Xiao, Z., Griffiths, H. & MacBeth, A. (2025, March 19). 81(6):410-424. Di Tella, M., Adenzato, M., Catmur,C., Miti, F., Castelli, L. & Ardito, R.B. (2020, August 1). 273: 482-492.

The role of alexithymia in social cognition: Evidence from a non-clinical population. Journal of Affective Disorders. Di Tella, M., Benfante, A., Castelli, L., Adenzato, M. & Ardito, R.B. (2024, August). 21(4):236-265. Alexithymia in Schizophrenia and Psychosis Vulnerability: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis.

Journal of Clinical Psychology. Ricci, V., Sarni, A., Barresi, M., Remondino, L. & Maina, G. (2025, July 24). 13(15): 1796. Anhedonia and Negative Symptoms in First-Episode Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.

Healthcare (Basel). Sevilla-Llewellyn-Joes, J., Camino,G., Russo, D.A., Painter, M., Montejo, A.L., et al. (2018, March). 261:498-503. Clinically significant personality traits in individuals at high risk of developing psychosis. Psychiatry Research.

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